ЗмістAtomic StructureBeryllium ValencePhysical Properties of BerylliumChemical Properties of BerylliumIsotopesUses of BerylliumHealth Effects of BerylliumPreventing Beryllium ExposureConclusion Beryllium is a chemical element with the symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is a rare element that is only found in nature when combined with other elements. Be is a hard, lightweight, and brittle metal with a …
Lithium is a chemical element with the symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silver-white metal that belongs to the alkali metal group of elements.
Superconductor is a material that at very low temperatures (close to absolute zero) has zero electrical resistance and allows electric current to flow without any energy loss. The most well-known superconductor is mercury, which has zero resistance at a temperature of 4.2 K (-268.8 °C). However, due to the instability and toxicity of mercury, its …
ЗмістSources of ultraviolet (UV) radiationUV-CUV-BUV-A Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths ranging from 10 nanometers (nm) to 400 nm. UV radiation is invisible to the human eye but has a significant impact on living organisms and the environment. Sources of ultraviolet (UV) radiation Natural sources of ultraviolet radiation: Artificial …
Infrared radiation (IR radiation) is a form of electromagnetic radiation that has a wavelength greater than visible light but shorter than microwaves. IR radiation can be perceived as heat. It encompasses the spectral range between the red limit of visible light with a wavelength of λ = 700 nm (frequency around 430 THz) and microwave …
Electronic components are electronic elements used in the creation of electronic devices. They can be used as individual components or as constituent parts of more complex systems. They are divided into two large groups based on the types of package: Some of the main electronic components include: Resistors are components that limit the flow of …
Diamagnetics are materials or substances that do not possess permanent magnetic properties and repel external magnetic fields. Diamagnetism is one of the three main forms of magnetism, along with ferromagnetism and paramagnetism.
Color temperature is the measurement of the color of light emitted by a source, expressed in degrees Kelvin (K). It is used to describe the hue of light, regardless of whether it appears warm or cool. Lower color temperatures indicate warm, yellowish light, while higher temperatures indicate cool, bluish light. This can have a significant …
Optical power of a lens is a quantity that is inversely proportional to the focal length; therefore, it can be calculated in diopters. It is denoted by the letter D, and the unit of optical power is the diopter. 1 diopter is the optical power with a focal length of 1 meter. In the SI …
The focal length of a lens is the distance from the center of the lens to the focal point, where parallel rays of light passing through the lens converge. This distance depends on the shape and material of the lens. Lenses are categorized as converging (which bring light rays together) when their focal length is …