ЗмістSunPlanetsMercuryVenusEarthMarsJupiterSaturnUranusNeptuneDwarf PlanetsCeresPlutoHaumeaMakemakeErisAsteroidsCometsInterstellar dust Solar System is a planetary system that includes the central star – the Sun, and all the natural cosmic objects (planets, asteroids, comets, solar wind streams, etc.) that are bound by gravitational interaction. The Solar System formed about 4.6 billion years ago. The Solar System is part of the Milky Way galaxy. …
Meitnerium is a chemical element with the symbol Mt and atomic number 109. It is a synthetic element that does not occur naturally. It was first synthesized in 1982 by bombarding 209Bi nuclei with 58Fe nuclei through the reaction 209Bi + 58Fe → 266Mt + n at the UNILAC accelerator by a group of German …
Earth’s magnetic field is the magnetic field that surrounds Earth. It arises from the interaction between moving charges in Earth’s core and the surrounding environment. It creates the magnetosphere, which is the region around Earth where the magnetic field is present. The magnetosphere shields Earth from cosmic radiation. Some animals, such as birds and fish, …
Minerals are chemical compounds and simple substances with a crystalline structure and a clearly defined chemical composition formed as a result of geological and cosmic processes. Minerals are fundamental components of the Earth’s crust. The science that studies minerals, their origins, and species diversity is mineralogy. Classification of Minerals The first broad classification of known …
ЗмістPhysical characteristics of graphiteChemical characteristics of graphiteProduction of artificial graphiteApplications Graphite is a mineral from the native elements class, one of the allotropic forms of carbon. Its chemical formula is C. Graphite has a crystalline structure in which carbon atoms form flat hexagons, known as graphene. It occurs in nature as a mineral. It is …
The Boltzmann constant (k or kB) is a physical constant that defines the relationship between temperature and energy. Her name is derived from the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann, who made significant contributions to the study of the statistical nature of heat and entropy. The Boltzmann constant is denoted as kB and has a value of …
Interference of light is a physical phenomenon that occurs when two or more light waves intersect or overlap with each other. In the interference of light, both constructive and destructive wave interactions can be observed, leading to various phenomena such as light bands, color variations, or spots on surfaces. To obtain a stable interference pattern, …
Archimedes’ Law – a fundamental physical law discovered by the ancient Greek scientist Archimedes around the 3rd century BCE. Formulation of the Law For any body submerged in a fluid (or gas) at rest, there acts upon this fluid (or gas) an upward buoyant force or Archimedean force equal to the product of the density …
Pascal’s Law is a fundamental law of gas hydrodynamics formulated by the French mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal in the 17th century. This law describes how changes in pressure affect gases in closed systems and is one of the fundamental properties of gases. Formulation of the law Pascal’s Law is formulated as follows: Liquids and …
The Law of Universal Gravitation is a physical law that describes gravitational interaction within the framework of Newtonian mechanics. It was formulated by the English physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton in 1687 in his work “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” (Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica). This law describes the force of gravity between objects with masses …